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Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 38, No. 3, 195-206 (2005)
DOI: 10.1177/00222194050380030201
© 2005 Hammill Institute on Disabilities

Motor Correlates of ADHD

Contribution of Reading Disability and Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Libbe Kooistra

Behavioural Research Unit, Alberta Childrens Hospital, University of Calgary, Canada

Susan Crawford

Behavioural Research Unit, Alberta Childrens Hospital

Deborah Dewey

University of Calgary

Marja Cantell

Behavioural Research Unit

Bonnie J. Kaplan

Behavioural Research Unit, Alberta Childrens Hospital

This study investigated whether the likelihood of motor impairment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increases with the presence of other disorders, and whether the co-occurring diagnoses of reading disability (RD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) account for the motor deficits seen in ADHD. A total of 291 children (218 boys, 73 girls) participated. Six groups of children were compared: ADHD only (n = 29); RD only (n = 63); ADHD and RD (n = 47); ADHD and ODD (n = 19); ADHD, RD, and ODD (n = 21); and typically developing control children (n = 112). Motor skills were assessed with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Beery Test of Visual—Motor Integration. We found that the motor skills of the ADHD-only group did not differ from the typical control group. Furthermore, motor impairment in ADHD increased as a function of co-occurring disorders, and the presence of RD rather than ADHD predicted motor impairment.


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