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Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 36, No. 5, 416-423 (2003)
DOI: 10.1177/00222194030360050301

Assessment of Three-and-a-Half-Year-Old Children's Emerging Phonological Awareness in a Computer Animation Context

Anne Puolakanaho

Department of Psychology (Agora/Poikkeus), University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40351 Jyväskylä, Finland, puolaan{at}jklmlk.fi or poikkeus{at}psyka.jyu.fi

Anna-Maija Poikkeus

Finnish Centre of Excellence Programme of Human Development and Its Risk Factors, financed by the Academy of Finland

Timo Ahonen

University of Jyväskylä, Niilo Mäki Institute

Asko Tolvanen

University of Jyväskylä

Heikki Lyytinen

University of Jyväskylä

Four computer-animated tasks were created to analyze the underlying structure of emerging phonological awareness at 3.5 years of age and to explore the factors that influence children's (N = 91) performance on the tasks. Our findings indicated that already at this young age, children are able to master tasks demanding identification, blending, and continuation of phonological units when the tasks are presented in a motivating assessment context. In line with earlier research, children showed higher mastery in dealing with words and syllables than in dealing with phonemes. Targets in the initial position of a word were easier for children to identify than those in the final position. Our analysis provided support for two major dimensions of emerging phonological awareness based on the cognitive operations of the tasks: identification and blending of phonological units.


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A. Puolakanaho, T. Ahonen, M. Aro, K. Eklund, P. H. T. Leppanen, A.-M. Poikkeus, A. Tolvanen, M. Torppa, and H. Lyytinen
Developmental Links of Very Early Phonological and Language Skills to Second Grade Reading Outcomes: Strong to Accuracy but Only Minor to Fluency
J Learn Disabil, July 1, 2008; 41(4): 353 - 370.
[Abstract] [PDF]