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Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 35, No. 3, 214-233 (2002)
DOI: 10.1177/002221940203500304

Letter

The Incidence and Nature of Letter Orientation Errors in Reading Disability

Megan Terepocki

Richard S. Kruk

Department of Psychology at the University of Manitoba, krukr{at}ms.umanitoba.ca

Dale M. Willows

Department of Human Development and Applied Psychology, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto

Letter orientation confusions (reversals) in the reading and writing of 10-year-old children with and without reading disability were investigated to determine whether reading disability is associated with letter orientation errors and to identify the nature of the errors. In a variety of tasks measuring letter orientation confusions in reception (reversal detection and recognition) and production (controlled writing, copying), individuals with reading disability made more orientation confusions than average readers. Orientation errors were more frequent for reversible than for nonreversible items in tasks involving long-term memory processes. The results did not appear to be related to group differences in attention or speed of motor responding. Possible sources of orientation confusions, including deficient magnocellular system processing, mislabeling, and overreliance on visual strategies, are discussed.


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