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Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 34, No. 3, 221-236 (2001)
DOI: 10.1177/002221940103400303

Treatment Outcomes for Students with Learning Disabilities

How Important Are Internal and External Validity?

Susan Simmerman

Educational Psychology and Special Education

H. Lee Swanson

Educational Psychology and Special Education, School of Education, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521; Lee.Swanson{at}UCR.EDU

This study analyzed the magnitude of experimental intervention outcomes as a function of violations in internal and external validity for studies that included students with learning disabilities. The results indicated that treatment outcomes were significantly affected by the following violations: teacher effects, establishing criterion levels of instructional performance, reliance on experimental measures, using different measures between pretest and posttest, using a sample heterogenous in age, and using incorrect units of analysis. Furthermore, the underreporting of information related to ethnicity, locale of the study, psychometric data, and teacher applications positively inflated the magnitude of treatment outcomes. A weighted hierarchical regression analysis revealed that composite scores of the aforementioned high-risk variables accounted for 16% of the total variance in effect size. The implications for interpreting intervention research to practice are discussed.


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