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Use of Constant Time Delay in Teaching Multiplication Facts to Students with Learning Disabilities

Susan T. Koscinski is a teacher of children with learning disabilities at Danielsville Elementary School in Danielsville, Georgia. She is also a doctoral candidate in the Department of Special Education at The University of Georgia, Athens. Her current research interests focus on the use of the constant time-delay procedure in computer software.

David L. Gast

David L. Gast is professor of special education at The University of Georgia, Athens. His primary area of research is the design of instructional programs that result in errorless learning for students with moderate and severe intellectual disabilities. Address: David L. Gast, Department of Special Education, 521 Aderhold Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.

This study investigated the effectiveness and efficiency of a constant time-delay procedure in teaching multiplication facts to three male and two female elementary school students, aged 9 years 6 months to 12 years 5 months, identified as learning disabled. The five students were taught unknown facts using a 4-second constant time-delay procedure. Data were collected on generalization to a paper-and-pencil task, to a horizontal display orientation, and to the reverse fact, as well as incidentally acquired ability to solve missing-factor problems. Results indicated that the near-errorless learning procedure was effective and efficient in teaching multiplication facts to students with learning disabilities. Learning generalized to a paper-and-pencil task, to a different presentation orientation, and to the reverse fact.

Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 26, No. 8, 533-544 (1993)
DOI: 10.1177/002221949302600807


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