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Journal of Learning Disabilities
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Planning and Administration

Nonpromotion Correlates and Outcomes at Different Grade Levels

Daniel J. Safer

Daniel J . Safer, MD, is with the Division of Child Psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and also with the Baltimore County Health Department in Rosedale, Maryland. Address: Daniel J. Safer, MD, Eastern Community Mental Health Center, Baltimore County Department of Health, 9100 Franklin Square Drive, Baltimore, MD 21237.

A comprehensive survey of 200 student folders revealed that elementary school (ES) nonpromotion is primarily associated with low academic achievement and low IQ, whereas a junior high school (JHS) nonpromotion is mainly correlated to behavioral suspensions and excessive absenteeism. Having an ES nonpromotion increases the risk of a later grade retention five fold. During the year following an ES nonpromotion, the behavioral and academic outcome is significantly improved and is generally satisfactory. This is clearly not the case after a JHS grade retention.

Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 19, No. 8, 500-503 (1986)
DOI: 10.1177/002221948601900812
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Home page
 Journal of Emotional and Behavioral DisordersHome page
V. Costenbader and R. Buntaine
Diagnostic Discrimination Between Social Maladjustment and Emotional Disturbance: An Empirical Study
Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, January 1, 1999; 7(1): 2 - 10.
[Abstract] [PDF]